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International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2022Physical fitness and body weight are key correlates of health. Nevertheless, an increasing number of children display poor physical fitness and high body weight. The aim...
Physical fitness and body weight are key correlates of health. Nevertheless, an increasing number of children display poor physical fitness and high body weight. The aim of this study was to examine the prospective association of physical fitness with body weight throughout the elementary school years with a special emphasis on children with high body weight or poor physical fitness at baseline. A total of 303 Austrian children (55.1% male) completed the German motor test up to eight times over a 4-year time span (between the ages 6 and 10 years). Physical fitness did not differ across quartiles of body weight at baseline. A more pronounced weight gain, however, was associated with an impaired development of physical fitness and this association was more pronounced in children with higher baseline body weight. In addition, the detrimental effects of an impaired development of physical fitness on subsequent body weight were more pronounced in children with higher baseline body weight. No differences in the longitudinal association between body weight and physical fitness, on the other hand, were observed across quartiles of baseline fitness. These results emphasize the importance of the promotion of physical fitness, particularly in children with increased body weight, to ensure future health.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Child; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Overweight; Physical Fitness; Schools; Weight Gain
PubMed: 35329129
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063441 -
International Journal of Chronic... 2021Low body mass index (BMI) has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In contrast, a detailed...
PURPOSE
Low body mass index (BMI) has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In contrast, a detailed analysis of the association between body weight change over time and prognosis is not sufficient, particularly in Japanese patients with COPD who have been reported to be much thinner compared to Westerners. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between annual body weight change and long-term prognosis in Japanese patients with COPD in two independent cohorts.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We analyzed 279 patients with COPD who participated in the Hokkaido COPD cohort study as a discovery cohort. We divided participants into three groups according to quartiles of annual body weight change calculated by the data from the first 5 years: weight loss group (<-0.17 kg/year), no change group (-0.17 to ≤0.20 kg/year), and weight gain group (>0.20 kg/year). The association between annual body weight change and prognosis was replicated in the Kyoto University cohort (n = 247).
RESULTS
In the Hokkaido COPD cohort study, the weight loss group had significantly worse mortality than the other groups, whereas there was no difference in BMI at baseline. In the multivariate analysis, annual body weight change was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality, which was confirmed in the Kyoto University cohort.
CONCLUSION
Annual body weight loss is associated with poor prognosis in Japanese patients with COPD, independent of baseline BMI. Longitudinal assessment of body weight is important for the management of COPD.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Humans; Prognosis; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Weight Loss
PubMed: 34876811
DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S338908 -
Nutrients Jun 2023Pasta is a staple carbohydrate across many cultures but has been implicated in overweight and obesity due to its position as a refined carbohydrate. Yet, the unique... (Review)
Review
Pasta is a staple carbohydrate across many cultures but has been implicated in overweight and obesity due to its position as a refined carbohydrate. Yet, the unique structure of pasta and its low glycemic response suggest it may contribute to a healthy body weight. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on the effects of pasta and dietary patterns high in pasta on body weight and body composition outcomes, and evaluate potential mechanisms by which pasta may influence body weight. A search of PubMed and CENTRAL identified 38 relevant studies examining pasta intake and body weight outcomes or potential mechanisms. Observational studies generally report no association or an inverse association of pasta intake with body weight/body composition outcomes. One clinical trial reported no difference in weight loss between a hypocaloric diet with high intake vs. low intake of pasta. Pasta may influence body weight via its low glycemic response, but evidence of effects on appetite, appetite-related hormones, and gastric emptying is limited and inconclusive. In conclusion, observational and limited clinical data suggest pasta is either inversely or not associated with overweight or obesity in healthy children and adults, and does not contribute to weight gain within the context of a healthy diet.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Carbohydrates; Body Composition; Hypoglycemia; Energy Intake; Body Mass Index; Body Weight
PubMed: 37375591
DOI: 10.3390/nu15122689 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020The hormones amylin and calcitonin interact with receptors within the same family to exert their effects on the human organism. Calcitonin, derived from thyroid C cells,... (Review)
Review
The hormones amylin and calcitonin interact with receptors within the same family to exert their effects on the human organism. Calcitonin, derived from thyroid C cells, is known for its inhibitory effect on osteoclasts. Calcitonin of mammalian origin promotes insulin sensitivity, while the more potent calcitonin extracted from salmon additionally inhibits gastric emptying, promotes gallbladder relaxation, increases energy expenditure and induces satiety as well as weight loss. Amylin, derived from pancreatic beta cells, regulates plasma glucose by delaying gastric emptying after meal ingestion, and modulates glucagon secretion and central satiety signals in the brain. Thus, both hormones seem to have metabolic effects of relevance in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other metabolic diseases. In rats, studies with dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists have demonstrated robust body weight loss, improved glucose tolerance and a decreased deposition of fat in liver tissue beyond what is observed after a body weight loss. The translational aspects of these preclinical data currently remain unknown. Here, we describe the physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological effects of amylin and calcitonin and review preclinical and clinical findings alluding to the future potential of amylin and calcitonin-based drugs for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
Topics: Amylin Receptor Agonists; Animals; Body Weight; Calcitonin; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Liver; Humans; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Obesity
PubMed: 33488526
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.617400 -
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and... Jun 2019Body weight loss is a frequent complication after stroke, and its adverse effect on clinical outcome has been shown in several clinical trials. The purpose of this... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Body weight loss is a frequent complication after stroke, and its adverse effect on clinical outcome has been shown in several clinical trials. The purpose of this prospective longitudinal single-centre observational study was to investigate dynamical changes of body composition and body weight after ischemic stroke and an association with functional outcome.
METHODS
Sixty-seven consecutive patients (age 69 ± 11 years, body mass index 27.0 ± 4.1 kg/m , 42% female patient, mean ± SD) with acute ischemic stroke with mild to moderate neurological deficit (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale median 4, ranged 0-12) were analysed in the acute phase (4 ± 2 days) and at 12 months (389 ± 26 days) follow-up. Body composition was examined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Cachexia was defined according to the consensus definition by body weight loss ≥5% within 1 year and additional clinical signs. Lean tissue wasting was considered if a ratio of upper and lower limbs lean mass sum to squared height (kg/m ) was ≤5.45 kg/m for female patient and ≤7.25 kg/m for male patient.
RESULTS
According to the body weight changes after 12 months, 42 (63%) patients had weight gain or stable weight, 11 (16%) patients had moderate weight loss, and 14 (21%) patients became cachectic. A relative decline of 19% of fat tissue and 6.5% of lean tissue was observed in cachectic patients, while no changes of lean tissue were observed in non-cachectic patients after 12 months. The modified Rankin Scale was 48% higher (2.1 ± 1.6, P < 0.05), Barthel Index was 22% lower (71 ± 39, P < 0.01), and handgrip strength was 34% lower (21.9 ± 13.0, P < 0.05) in cachectic compared to non-cachectic patients after 12 months. The low physical performance if defined by Barthel Index <60 points was linked to the lean tissue wasting (OR 44.8, P < 0.01), presence of cachexia (OR 20.8, P < 0.01), and low body mass index <25 kg/m (OR 11.5, P < 0.05). After adjustment for cofounders, lean tissue wasting remained independently associated with the low physical performance at 12 months follow-up (OR 137.9, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
In this cohort study, every fifth patient with ischemic stroke fulfilled the criteria of cachexia within 12 months after index event. The incidence of cachexia was 21%. Cachectic patients showed the lowest functional and physical capacity.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Composition; Body Weight; Brain Ischemia; Cachexia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hand Strength; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 30680953
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12400 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Apr 2018The objective of this review was to critically review findings from recent studies evaluating the effects of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) on metabolism, weight, and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this review was to critically review findings from recent studies evaluating the effects of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) on metabolism, weight, and obesity-related chronic diseases. Biologic mechanisms that may explain NNS effects will also be addressed.
METHODS
A comprehensive review of the relevant scientific literature was conducted.
RESULTS
Most cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies report positive associations between NNS consumption, body weight, and health conditions, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although findings in cellular and rodent models suggest that NNSs have harmful effects on metabolic health, most randomized controlled trials in humans demonstrate marginal benefits of NNS use on body weight, with little data available on other metabolic outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
NNS consumption is associated with higher body weight and metabolic disease in observational studies. In contrast, randomized controlled trials demonstrate that NNSs may support weight loss, particularly when used alongside behavioral weight loss support. Additional long-term, well-controlled intervention studies in humans are needed to determine the effects of NNSs on weight, adiposity, and chronic disease under free-living conditions.
Topics: Body Weight; Body Weight Maintenance; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Obesity
PubMed: 29570245
DOI: 10.1002/oby.22139 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 2007Women who maintain a normal healthy weight, before, during, and after pregnancy have better outcomes
Women who maintain a normal healthy weight, before, during, and after pregnancy have better outcomes
Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome
PubMed: 17656509
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39267.518808.80 -
Nutrition and Health Mar 2019Obesity contributes to negative outcomes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Little is known about the body-weight goals and trends among patients with PAD.
BACKGROUND:
Obesity contributes to negative outcomes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Little is known about the body-weight goals and trends among patients with PAD.
AIM:
The aim of this study was to explore self-reported body-weight trends and methods used to achieve weight loss in patients with PAD.
METHODS:
Data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was utilized to compare individuals with PAD who were overweight and obese ( n = 240), to matched individuals without PAD ( n = 480). Self-reported body weight at age 25 years, 10 years prior and 1 year prior to the current assessment, and age and weight of heaviest body weight were compared. Self-reported weight-loss techniques during the past year were compared between groups.
RESULTS:
Individuals with PAD and controls reported similar weights 10 years prior (79.2 kg vs 78.5 kg; p = 0.60) and weight gain over the last 10 years of 5.7 kg. There was no significant difference in reported body weight at age 25 years, 10 years prior, 1 year prior, or heaviest weight. Compared with the control group, fewer participants with PAD reported attempted weight loss in the last year (27.50% vs 36.04%; p = 0.02) and were half as likely to report utilizing exercise as a weight-loss method (12.5% vs 21.7%; p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS:
These data indicate that those with PAD are less inclined to attempt weight loss, especially through means of increased physical activity. Future research is needed regarding the effectiveness of intentional weight-loss programs in this population.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Exercise; Female; Goals; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Overweight; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Self Report; Weight Gain; Weight Loss; Young Adult
PubMed: 30582436
DOI: 10.1177/0260106018817190 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Aug 2013Drinking water is often applied as a dietary means for weight loss and overweight/obesity prevention, but no evidence-based recommendation exists for this indication. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Drinking water is often applied as a dietary means for weight loss and overweight/obesity prevention, but no evidence-based recommendation exists for this indication.
OBJECTIVE
We summarized the existing evidence on the association between water consumption and body weight outcomes in adults of any body weight status.
DESIGN
In a systematic review, we retrieved studies from 4 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and COCHRANE), cross-references by PubMed functions and hand-searching, and experts' recommendations. Any type of study including adults aged >18 y that reported the association between daily water consumption and any weight-related outcome, such as body weight, body mass index, or body weight classifications, was eligible.
RESULTS
Of 4963 retrieved records, 11 original studies and 2 systematic reviews were included. In participants dieting for weight loss or maintenance, a randomized controlled trial, a nonrandomized controlled trial, and an observational longitudinal study showed that increased water consumption, in addition to a program for weight loss or maintenance, reduced body weight after 3-12 mo compared with such a program alone. In mixed-weight populations not primarily dieting for weight loss or maintenance, 2 short-term randomized trials showed no effect of water consumption on body weight; 6 cross-sectional studies showed inconsistent results.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies of individuals dieting for weight loss or maintenance suggest a weight-reducing effect of increased water consumption, whereas studies in general mixed-weight populations yielded inconsistent results. The evidence for this association is still low, mostly because of the lack of good-quality studies. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/Prospero as CRD42012002585.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Drinking; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Loss
PubMed: 23803882
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.055061 -
Cell Reports Jul 2023In addition to their role in promoting feeding and obesity development, hypothalamic arcuate agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons are widely...
In addition to their role in promoting feeding and obesity development, hypothalamic arcuate agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons are widely perceived to be indispensable for maintaining normal feeding and body weight in adults, and consistently, acute inhibition of AgRP neurons is known to reduce short-term food intake. Here, we adopted complementary methods to achieve nearly complete ablation of arcuate AgRP/NPY neurons in adult mice and report that lesioning arcuate AgRP/NPY neurons in adult mice causes no apparent alterations in ad libitum feeding or body weight. Consistent with previous studies, loss of AgRP/NPY neurons blunts fasting refeeding. Thus, our studies show that AgRP/NPY neurons are not required for maintaining ad libitum feeding or body weight homeostasis in adult mice.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Agouti-Related Protein; Body Weight Maintenance; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus; Weight Loss; Neurons; Body Weight
PubMed: 37422762
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112789